Iceland: what the law allows for hiking, camping and driving

Wild camping, Icelandic style, is nearly gone

The reference text is Act No. 60/2013 on Nature Conservation, which sets out to protect the country’s biological, geological and landscape diversity while securing a public right to travel through nature [1]. Its Article 22, which lays down the camping rules, was rewritten by Amendment No. 109/2015, effective 14 November 2015 [2]. The rules have tightened as tourism has grown [3].

The rule for anything on wheels is unambiguous. It is, in the words of the Environment Agency, ‘illegal to spend the night in tent trailers, tent campers, caravans, camper vans or similar outside organised campsites or urban areas unless the land owner or rightholder has given their permission’ [4]. A traditional camping tent keeps a narrow tolerance, detailed below.

What a tent is allowed, and on what conditions

The Environment Agency of Iceland (Umhverfisstofnun), the body that applies the Act, details the conditions under which a traditional tent may stand [4]:

• one night only;
• on uncultivated land;
• with no campsite in the immediate vicinity;
• where the landowner has posted no sign barring access, passage or staying the night.

In uninhabited areas, the tolerance covers private land and state land alike, along public routes and away from them, unless special rules apply to that specific area [4].

The agreement of the owner or the rightholder becomes compulsory in five cases [4]:

• near a home or a farm;
• to stay more than one night;
• to pitch more than three tents;
• on cultivated land;
• for any wheeled accommodation, trailer tent, caravan or campervan, away from an organised campsite.

The landowner may also forbid camping where nature risks significant damage, or direct campers towards a designated area they have laid out, in which case the area is chargeable. The same applies wherever a campsite exists in the vicinity [4].

Campervans and motorhomes: paying is the legal route

For anything with wheels, the lawful options shrink to two: an organised campsite, or private land with the owner’s explicit agreement [4]. The network counts roughly 180 registered campsites across the island [3].

On price, most sites charge per person, typically between 1,500 and 2,500 ISK a night, about £9 to £15 at late 2026 exchange rates; showers and electricity often come as extras of roughly 500 to 1,000 ISK, and an accommodation tax of 400 ISK per night per camping unit applies on top [3].

The Camping Card costs €179 for the 2026 season, according to a campervan hire company [5]. It covers up to 28 nights at partner sites (about thirty on the official list [6], more than 40 according to two commercial sites), for two adults and up to four children under 16, and its validity ends in mid-September [3] [5]. One address is capped at four consecutive nights [5], and neither the accommodation tax nor showers and electricity are included [3] [5]. The card covers a single unit, a tent or a van [6]. By the arithmetic published by Guide to Iceland, the card starts paying for itself beyond 7 to 10 paid nights for a couple or a family [3].

The parks and hotspots where the tolerance does not apply

In the national parks and at many heavily visited sites, the regime tightens and the local rule overrides the general tolerance. The Environment Agency publishes the rule for each site [4]. Its pages mention two new agencies being set up, one for environment and energy, one for nature protection: the responsible body may change, so check the page before you go [4].

Walking: a real right of access, with duties attached

Unlike camping, walking remains broadly free. The Act grants everyone the right to travel around the country and enjoy its nature, provided they do so carefully and cause no damage [7]. Crossing uncultivated private property needs no special permission, but the landowner may mark access limits, and state lands stay open except in special cases, for instance bird-nesting periods or times of fragile growth [7].

Three duties structure this right of access, [7]:

• follow marked trails where they exist, and close gates behind you;
• carry litter back to a built-up area;
• leave wildlife undisturbed and keep your dog under control.

Two clarifications matter to the walker: a landowner may not block walkers passing along rivers, lakes and the ocean [7]. Picking berries, mushrooms or seaweed for immediate consumption is allowed on public lands and highland pastures; on private property it requires the owner’s consent, and certain protected wild species may never be taken [7].

Driving: F-roads in season, off-road driving punishable by law

Article 31 of the Act bans motor vehicles off recognised roads and tracks. For the traveller, the exception that matters is ground frozen hard and covered in sufficient snow, where it is clear that no damage can result [7] [8]; the Act allows others, for example for farming, rescue and police work [8]. The Agency puts it bluntly: off-road driving ‘is strictly prohibited and is punishable by fines or imprisonment’ [9]. Ragnheiður Bragadóttir, professor of law at the University of Iceland, in a study of how Iceland protects the environment through criminal law, sets the scale: a fine or up to two years in prison under Article 90(1), and off-road driving is ‘by far the most common offence’ against this Act; by mid-summer 2019 the Agency had already brought fourteen prosecutions [8].

The deterrence makes sense given the fragility of volcanic ground: wheel tracks imprint quickly, channel water, speed up erosion and can remain visible for decades, the growing season being very short [9].

What remains are the F-roads, the mountain roads of the interior. They generally open from June or July to mid-September, then close to all unmodified vehicles [10]. The official safety portal SafeTravel adds two warnings: not every 4x4 suits every F-road, and no insurance covers damage suffered while crossing an unbridged river [10]. Opening status is on umferdin.is, and road conditions on the 1777 information line [9] [10].

Icelandic freedom, in the end, fits in one sentence: you may walk almost anywhere, but sleep almost nowhere outside the grounds laid out for it.

Alex Aubert

Water, campervans, wild camping and the Nordic countries

A Breton, Alex spends as much time outdoors as he can, preferably on the water: kayaking, paddleboarding, sailing, fishing. He also loves campervanning, wild camping and nights under the stars, and knows the Nordic countries well, speaking two of their languages.

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